Min Oo, SittSittMin OoDe Meester, BenBenDe MeesterTaelman, RubenRubenTaelmanColpaert, PieterPieterColpaert2026-07-072026-07-0720251570-0844https://imec-publications.be/handle/20.500.12860/59766Recent advancements in declarative knowledge graph generation have introduced multiple mapping languages and engines, causing a shift in studies towards optimizing the knowledge graph generation process. Although these engines commonly generate the knowledge graphs from heterogeneous data sources, sharing the optimization techniques and features remains challenging due to the lack of formal operational semantics. To address this, we propose a set of algebraic mapping operators that define operational semantics for general mapping processes. This algebra, based on the SPARQL algebra, enables reuse of established definitions and strengthens the link between knowledge graph generation and query engines. To evaluate language independence we translated mapping languages ShExML and the RDF Mapping Language (RML) into our algebraic mapping plan. Our completeness evaluation shows that our algebraic operators cover the operational semantics of RML and partially support ShExML. Additional analysis is required to cover additional features of ShExML such as joining data from two input sources. For performance evaluation, our proof-of-concept algebraic mapping engine exhibits consistent and low memory usage across workloads, getting second place in the Knowledge Graph Construction Workshop's performance challenge. Algebraic mapping operators decouple mapping engines from specific languages, enabling multilingual mapping engines and allowing optimization techniques to be applied independently of the mapping process. This work lays the foundation for theoretical analysis of complexity and expressiveness of mapping languages and enforces consistency in execution semantics of mapping engines. Furthermore, aligning our algebra with SPARQL opens the door to advanced methods such as virtualization for querying heterogeneous data sources.engJournal article10.1177/22104968251361350WOS:001562581100001SEMANTICSRDF