Torrance test of creative thinking-verbal, Arabic version: Measurement invariance and latent mean differences across gender, year of study, and academic major

Abstract

The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking-Verbal (TTCT-Verbal) is a commonly used measure of creative potential. The present study examined the factor structure, measurement invariance, and latent mean differences across gender, year of study, and academic major for the Arabic version of the TTCT-Verbal. Data were collected among 621 Egyptian undergraduate students. The results supported a bifactor structure for the TTCT-Verbal scores, in which a general divergent thinking factor coexisted alongside six activity-specific factors. Strict invariance was supported for this structure across gender, year of study, and academic major. Latent means were found to significantly differ by year of study, but not by gender or academic major. In contrast, comparisons of observed means showed significant differences by year of study and academic major, but not by gender. Implications of these findings for creativity measurement and development as well as directions for future research are discussed.