Adaptive Second Language Tutoring Using Generative AI and a Social Robot

Abstract

The most effective second language learning occurs through extensive interpersonal interaction and tutoring. However, limited funding and a lack of language teachers often prevent students from engaging in individualised practice, a lack which can be addressed using AI and social robots. We present a system that leverages generative AI to provide customized educational content in real-time, adapting to students' skills through an engaging, visually-grounded game played alongside a social robot. To test effectiveness, we conducted a study in which Dutch high school students learned Spanish vocabulary either with or without the robot present. Results showed significant vocabulary gains regardless of robot presence, indicating the game itself, not the social embodiment, drove learning. While further refinements are needed, these findings highlight the potential for generative AI to deliver personalized language tutoring and circumvent the constraints posed by limited resources and staffing in schools. Ongoing work aims to enhance social presence and better align generative content with individuals' abilities and pacing.