Mitigation of potential-induced degradation in perovskite solar cells using overnight voltage recovery

Potential-induced degradation (PID) poses a critical threat to the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), driven by sodium ion (Na+) migration from soda-lime glass substrates to the active layer. This study examines the effect of periodically interspersing PID stress with overnight voltage recovery or shelf storage on 48 PSCs during a 500-h experimental protocol comprising 150 h of accumulated PID stress and 350 h of accumulated recovery or storage. Overnight shelf-stored devices degraded to 79% normalized efficiency, while those subjected to overnight voltage recovery maintained 94 percent. These results highlight overnight voltage recovery as an effective PID mitigation strategy, preserving PSC performance and advancing their stability for practical applications.