Generating a Stable Higher-Symmetry CsPbI₃ Perovskite Phase in Ambient Conditions: Unveiling the Stabilization Mechanism

Abstract

Black-phase cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) is a promising candidate for high-efficiency perovskite optoelectronics, but its instability under ambient conditions remains a major challenge. Among several strategies, dimethylammonium iodide (DMAI) has emerged as a potential stabilizer; however, inconsistencies in phase stability (3-7 days) and lower solar power conversion efficiencies (similar to 20 vs similar to 27% for hybrid perovskites) highlight the need for further improvements. This study not only demonstrates enhanced stabilization of the high-symmetry black phase of CsPbI3 and improved film morphology through optimized composition and annealing conditions but also more importantly provides detailed mechanistic insights obtained from comprehensive experimental and theoretical analyses. Systematic tuning of the DMAI concentration (1.2 M), annealing temperature (200 degrees C, 1 min), and Cs+ substitution (12-15%) significantly extends phase stability to 7 days under ambient conditions (35-52% relative humidity) and maintains stability even after 16 months in a drybox environment by reducing orthorhombic strain and octahedral tilting. Additionally, a minor (similar to 5%) zero-dimensional (0D) Cs4PbI6 phase fills pinholes, enhancing the film quality. Optimized photodiodes exhibit a low dark current (similar to 1 mu A/cm2), high external quantum efficiency (similar to 80% at -2 V), and a >= 100 dB linear dynamic range. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the stabilization of the black phase of CsPbI3, advancing the development of more stable and efficient perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.